The Plant TOR Kinase ComplexĪ single large TOR gene exists in Arabidopsis, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, most animals and humans ( Xiong and Sheen, 2014). Nevertheless, the study of plant TOR has been largely limited to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (and select few other plant species, see: Nanjareddy et al., 2016 De Vleesschauwer et al., 2018) and further investigation is crucial if we are to fully elucidate TOR function in diverse developmental processes across the plant kingdom. Since the discovery of the TOR inhibitor rapamycin from the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus ( Sehgal et al., 1975), and its use to identify and isolate TOR in yeast ( Heitman et al., 1991 Kunz et al., 1993), mammals ( Sabatini et al., 1994) and plants ( Menand et al., 2002), our knowledge and understanding of TOR signaling mechanisms and function has progressed immensely. Nutrients and growth factors activate TOR, whilst energy deprivation, starvation and stresses are responsible for its inactivation ( Dobrenel et al., 2016).
Remarkably, the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) protein kinase has been identified as a “master regulator” of such networks in all eukaryotes, from single-celled yeast and algae, to complex multicellular organisms such as plants, animals and humans ( Dobrenel et al., 2016). Mounting evidence suggests that integrated signaling and metabolic networks play an instructive role in developmental programs and responses to environmental changes and stresses ( Li and Sheen, 2016 Krejci and Tennessen, 2017). TOR Is a Key Plant Developmental Regulator
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